Intelligence
Election Interference: How States Meddle in Votes
Documented state election interference, from the CIA in Italy to Russia's 2016 operations, with historical methods and debates over their effectiveness.
Military history and analysis
Military history, strategy and warfare explained with sources
Editorial guides on campaigns and battles, doctrine and tactics, weapons and the organisation of armed forces, from antiquity to modern warfare.
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Intelligence
Digital footprints and OSINT: how investigators follow leads
How OSINT investigators follow a digital footprint: MH17, Cameroon, Skripal and Navalny, the Berkeley Protocol, and the mistakes that turn a lead into harm.
Cyber Warfare
What is threat intelligence? How cyber attribution works
What cyber threat intelligence means, the models it uses and challenges in attributing attacks, with cases from APT1 to NotPetya, SolarWinds and false flags.
Interactive tools
Compare military scales
Explosive yield
From a hand grenade to the Tsar Bomba, in kilotons and relative radii.
Missile range
From the V-1 and V-2 to cruise missiles, SLBMs and ICBMs.
Projectile range
From crossbows and cartridges to mortars and 155mm artillery.
Warship size
Carriers, frigates and submarines to scale, with a weight balance.
Military drones
From FPV to Global Hawk: size, range and payload.
What military history is, and why it is worth studying
Military history studies how societies have raised, paid for and used armed force: from the hoplite phalanx and the Roman legions to mechanised manoeuvre warfare and today's conflicts, with drones and cyber operations. Reading a campaign is not collecting dates; it is following decisions taken under uncertainty, where logistics, terrain, intelligence, morale and command all pull in different directions.
Every guide here sets out the context, develops the episode or the concept and closes with the sources it relies on. Strategy (ends, means and ways at the level of a campaign) and tactics (the concrete fight) are treated separately, as are doctrine, formations and equipment.
How to use the archive
For a specific episode, start with Military History or use the search box. For the reasoning behind decisions, go to Strategy & Tactics. Land, naval and air systems are covered in Weapons & Equipment, and the Glossary collects the essential definitions.